大麦与谷类科学

为探究南阳盆地小麦产量形成关键因子并指导高产新品种选育，以近30年来南阳麦区最高产年份(2022年)西北农林科技大学黄淮南片小麦品种试验联合体的24个区域试验品种(系)为材料，调查其条锈病、叶锈病抗性与主要农艺性状并追溯亲本来源。结果显示：24个品种(系)中21个对条锈病表现出高抗，3个中抗；6个品种(系)对叶锈病表现出高抗，13个表现出中抗。24个品种(系)平均产量为9 687.45 kg/hm²，其基本苗数变异系数最大，为6.57%；成穗数变异系数为5.51%；穗粒数变异系数为5.33%；最高分蘖数变异系数为4.33%；千粒质量变异系数为3.87%；容重变异系数最小，为0.41%。对品种(系)亲本溯源，直接使用频次较高的是周麦18、西农979、郑麦366和西农822；间接使用频次较高的是周8425B、周麦9号、小偃6号及姊妹系、周麦16。对产量与成穗数、穗粒数和千粒质量进行通径分析，成穗数对产量的直接作用通径系数最大，其次是穗粒数。19个增产品种(系)成熟期与抽穗期呈极显著正相关；成穗数与基本苗数呈极显著正相关，与最高分蘖数呈显著正相关；穗粒数与成熟期呈极显著正相关，与成穗数呈极显著负相关，与最高分蘖数呈显著负相关；千粒质量与基本苗数、成穗数均呈极显著负相关；株高与抽穗期呈显著正相关，与成穗数呈显著负相关，与穗粒数呈极显著正相关。南阳麦区实现高产育种着力点重在成穗数，其次是穗粒数，适当早抽穗降低株高进而提升成穗数，或适当增加株高和延后成熟期以提升穗粒数。

In order to explore the key factors of wheat yield formation in Nanyang Basin and guide the breeding of new high-yield varieties, the resistance of stripe rust and leaf rust, main agronomic traits and parental origin were investigated from 24 regional test varieties(lines) of Huanghuai southern section of Northwest A & F University in 2022, the most productive year in Nanyang wheat area in recent 30 years. Among the 24 varieties(lines), 21 showed high resistance to stripe rust, and 3 showed moderate resistance. Six showed high resistance to leaf rust, and 13 showed moderate resistance. The average yield of 24 varieties(lines) was 9 687.45 kg/hm².The variation coefficient of basic seedlings was the highest(6.57%), followed by the variation coefficient of panicle number(5.51%),grain number per panicle(5.33%), maximum tiller number(4.33%), 1 000-grain weight(3.87%), and the variation coefficient of bulk density was the lowest(0.41%). Tracing back the parental origins of these varieties(lines), Zhoumai 18, Xinong 979, Zhengmai 366,and Xinong 822 were directly used with high frequency. The wheat varieties Zhou 8425B, Zhoumai No.9, Xiaoyan No.6 and their sister lines, and Zhoumai 16 were indirectly used with higher frequency. Through path analysis of yield and its components(panicle number, grain number per panicle, and 1 000-grain weight), the direct path coefficient of panicle number on yield is the largest,followed by grain number per panicle. The maturity period of 19 yield-increasing varieties(lines) shows a highly significant positive correlation with heading date. Panicle number has a highly significant positive correlation with basic seedlings and a significant positive correlation with maximum tiller number. Grain number per panicle is highly significantly positively correlated with maturity period, but highly significantly negatively correlated with panicle number and significantly negatively correlated with maximum tiller number. 1 000-grain weight is highly significantly negatively correlated with both basic seedlings and panicle number. Plant height shows a significant positive correlation with heading date, a significant negative correlation with panicle number, and a highly significant positive correlation with grain number per panicle. The emphasis of breeding for high yield in Nanyang wheat area is panicle formation number, followed by the number of grains per panicle. Appropriately early heading reduced plant height and then increased panicle formation number, appropriately increased plant height and delayed ripening increased grains per spike.